How to Sleep Well:
Understanding the Importance of Rest and Optimal Health
Click here to read this article in Spanish:
Cómo Dormir Bien: Para Comprender
la Importancia del Descanso y la Salud Optima
For the past 25 years, Americans have been sleeping less and less each
night.[1] In surveys conducted by the National Sleep Foundation, up
to 69% of adults report having sleep problems on a few nights a week
or more.[2] Insomnia is, by far, the most common sleep disorder in the United
States, affecting nearly 70 million of us; 35% of survey respondents
had insomnia every night and nearly 60% reported insomnia at least a few
nights
per week.
Sleep was first described physiologically in the 1930s[8] and our understanding
was greatly enhanced by the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) in the
1950s.[9] Our sleep is usually divided into various phases, based on the
differences in brain activity throughout the night. During these phases,
our bodies repair and our memories are organized.
While the exact reasons for why we need sleep are still unknown, what
is clear is that chronic poor sleep can have serious health consequences. There
is growing evidence to suggest that there is a deeper, more reciprocal
relationship between sleep and immune function than previously thought.[2]
SLEEP AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
When we get sick, we tend to feel tired and sleep more. But is this coincidental
or is sleep a recuperative immune function? One study showed that
infected rabbits that slept more had a better prognosis, suggesting
that sleep might enhance illness recovery. But it's unclear whether other
factors, such as stress, might have been the cause of disrupted sleep
in the rabbits that didn't fare so well.[2]
And in humans, there's an increasing amount of research evidence that
suggests that the right amount of sleep might prolong life; one study of
elderly patients found that poor quality sleep was significantly associated with
mortality.[4]
Additionally, several studies have demonstrated that sleep deprivation
can cause changes in immune-cell functional activity. In one study involving
tumor growth in rats, tumor size reached its peak more quickly in sleep-deprived
animals.[20]
As more research is conducted on this subject, it is hoped that the exact nature of the relationship between sleep and the immune system's role in controlling tumor growth and size can be ascertained.
CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE SLEEP LOSS
While chronic sleep loss has been shown to be harmful to well-being,
there's growing evidence that the occasional acute sleep disturbance might actually
boost the immune system.[5,6,7]
In a study involving sleep-deprived rats,the animals' ability to defend against
infection was dependent on the length of their sleep depravation. Evolutionarily,
it may be that the immune system needs to be enhanced by brief total
sleep loss, such as when being hunted by a predator. But without sleep,
the immune system does eventually fail.[21]
HOW TO SLEEP BETTER
What constitutes "good" sleep is highly subjective,but most people
would agree that an evening of high quality sleep is one in which you're
able to fall asleep quickly, stay asleep throughout the night, and wake up
feeling refreshed.To achieve this sort of sleep, there are several approaches,
from
behavioral to pharmacological.
COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
In several systematic reviews, it has been suggested that "behavioral interventions
appear to be as effective as pharmacotherapy in the short term"[22,23,24]
and, in some cases, "are reported as superior
in the long term."[25]
»
Music: A recent study from researchers in Taiwan found that people who
listened to soft,slow music at bed time "experienced physical
changes that aided restful sleep, such as lower heart and respiratory
rates." Participants listened to 45-minute sedative music
tapes at bedtime for three weeks. The study found that this resulted
in "significantly
better sleep quality" and that "sleep improved weekly,
indicating a cumulative dose effect."[26]
» Yoga: A recent study showed that participants who attended regular yoga
sessions reported "significantly lower sleep disturbance" as compared
to a control group.This included better overall quality of sleep, ability
to fall asleep quicker, longer sleep duration, and less use of sleep medications.[27]
See “Sleep Hygiene Tips” below for other non pharmacological
strategies for a better night's sleep.
PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES: MELATONIN
Melatonin was first isolated roughly 50 years ago[11,12] and is a chemical
that has been functionally linked to the body's regulation of circadian[13]
and seasonal rhythms,[14] immune function,[15] and tumor inhibition.[10]
Melatonin is not a hypnotic or soporific but rather seems to function
as a chemical that "opens the gate" to sleep, not something
that induces sleep itself.[17]
Melatonin production takes place in the brain and is mostly regulated by ambient light; only during darkness does the majority of melatonin production take place. The amount of melatonin an individual produces is also genetically determined, but age can also be a factor as people tend to produce less melatonin as they grow older.
MELATONIN AND CANCER
In addition to promoting sleep, which can, in turn, help the
immune system, melatonin may also have properties that can help prevent
cancer by scavenging free radicals (which can damage DNA) in the body[16]
or retard tumor growth once cancer starts, prolonging survival when
combined with conventional cancer therapy.[19] While much of this
research has only taken place in animal studies,[10,18] newer studies
involving humans have produced encouraging results.[19]
In a randomized study of 450 advanced cancer patients with poor clinical status or chemotherapy-resistant tumors, "melatonin seemed to enhance tumor response rate, prolong survival time, and prevent chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity."[28]
Because we naturally produce less melatonin as we age, the
lack of this chemical may also contribute to the increased frequency
of cancer in the elderly. And while melatonin is not a 'cure' for cancer, its properties certainly warrant further study.
PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES: OTHER DRUGS
One of the fastest growing segments of the drug market is prescription sleep aids. These drugs are generally effective in making it easier to fall asleep, stay asleep, and increase total time asleep. There are, however, adverse effects to consider, such as dependency, withdrawal, and tolerance.
The World Health Organization defines drug dependence as"
the development of an altered physiological state which requires continued
administration of a drug" to
prevent withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms are generally defined
as those that start after a drug is discontinued or reduced (i.e.
symptoms not present before treatment). Tolerance is defined as
a decrease in a drug's effect with continued administration, which
results in the need to increase the dose of the drug.[24]
Top of Page
....................................................................................................................
Sleep Hygiene Tips
SLEEP ONLY WHEN SLEEPY This reduces the time you're awake
in bed. If you can't fall asleep within 20 minutes, get up and do something boring until you feel sleepy. Avoid bright light during this time.
DON'T TAKE NAPS This will help make you tired at bedtime. If you must nap, sleep for less than an hour before 3pm.
GO TO BED ON TIME Get up and go to bed the same time every day, even on weekends. It's easier to sleep when you have a regular sleep cycle.
TIME YOUR EXERCISE Regular exercise can help improve your sleep, but don't do so too close to bedtime (at least 4 hours).
DEVELOP SLEEP RITUALS It is important to give your body cues that it is
time to sleep, such as listening to relaxing music, drinking herbal tea, or meditating.
ONLY USE YOUR BED FOR SLEEPING Refrain from using your bed to watch TV, pay bills, do work, or read.
AVOID CAFFEINE, NICOTINE, AND ALCOHOL Caffeine and nicotine are stimulants and alcohol can cause poor, fragmented sleep. Avoid them all for at least 4 hours before bedtime.
HAVE A LIGHT SNACK BEFORE BED Sleeping on too empty or too full a stomach can interfere with sleep.
TAKE A HOT BATH While a hot bath 90 minutes before bedtime will raise your body temperature, the drop in temperature afterwards may make you feel sleepy.
COOL YOUR ROOM Sleeping in too hot an environment can be difficult. A cooler room, at a sleep-promoting 65 degrees with enough blankets to stay warm, is recommended.
KEEP THINGS DARK AND QUIET Blackout shades or an eye mask can help
block out light and earplugs or a white noise machine can help reduce noise.
RESET YOUR BIOLOGICAL CLOCK As soon as you get up in the
morning, go outside and turn your face to the sun for 15 minutes.
Adapted From: How
to Sleep Well
Top of Page
....................................................................................................................
More on Melatonin
Melatonin
has been shown to "open the gates" to sleep, so timing is very important depending on the desired effect.[14]
IN GENERAL: Bright light exposure after darkness onset at night should be avoided since it disrupts the melatonin rhythm and alters the circadian clock. When used for night-time sleep promotion, melatonin is best taken 30 minutes before desired sleep onset.
WHEN TAKEN AT 8PM: Melatonin advances the internal clock, making you feel like it's later than it really is. Dosage for sleeping is 1 to
5 mg.
WHEN TAKEN AT DAWN: Melatonin delays the internal clock, making you feel like it's earlier than it really is. Dosage for dawn is 1 mg.
TAKING MELATONIN WHEN TRAVELING EAST: If you were traveling from San Francisco to Paris, take melatonin at dusk San Francisco time (which may be on the plane). Then take melatonin at dusk Paris time when you've arrived. A day or so before heading home, take melatonin at dusk Paris time and then, once home, at dusk San Francisco time.
TAKING MELATONIN WHEN TRAVELING WEST: If you were traveling from
San Francisco to Beijing, take melatonin once you arrive at dusk Beijing
time. Before you leave, take melatonin at dusk Beijing time and then,
once home, at dusk San Francisco time. Note: It has been suggested that
westbound travel causes less jet lag and that melatonin is not very
effective for westbound travel of less than four time zones.
NEGATIVE DRUG INTERACTIONS TO CONSIDER: Anticoagulant
and Antiplatelet Drugs, Antidiabetes Drugs, Benzodiazepines, Caffeine,
CNS Depressants, Contraceptive Drugs, Flumazenil (Romazicon), Fluvoxamine
(Luvox), Immunosuppressants, Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL), Verapamil
(Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan).[29]
Top of Page
.................................................................................................................... References:
1. Girardin JL, Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, & Sepulveda RS. “Sleep
duration, illumination, and activity patterns in a population sample: effects
of gender and ethnicity.” Biol Psychiatry 47: 921-927 (2000).
2. Bryant PA, Trinder J, et al. "Sick and tired: Does sleep have a vital
role in the immune system?" Nat Rev Immunol 4(6): 457-67 (2004)
3. Toh, L.A., Tolley, E.A. & Krueger, J.M. “Sleep as a prognostic indicator
during infectious disease in rabbits.” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 203:
179-192 (1993).
4. Dew MA et al. “Healthy older adults' sleep predicts all-cause mortality
at 4 to 19 years of follow-up.” Psychosom Med. 65: 63-73 (2003).
5. Everson CA. “Sustained sleep deprivation impairs host defense.” Am
J Physiol. 265: R1148-R1154 (1993)
6. Rechtschaffen A, Gillliland MA, Bergmann BM, & Winter JB. “Physiological
correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats.” Science
221: 182-184 (1983).
7. Landis CA & Whitney JD. “Effects of 72 hours of sleep deprivation
on wound healing in the rat.” Res. Nurs. Health 20: 259-267 (1997).
8. Loomis AL, Harvey EN, Hobart G. “Potential rhythms of the cerebral cortex
during sleep.” Science 81: 597-98 (1935).
9. Aserinksy E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant
phenomena, during sleep. Science 118: 273-74 (1953).
10. Blask DE, Sauer LA & Dauchy RT. “Melatonin as a chronobiotic/anti-cancer
agent: cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms
of action and their implications for circadian-based cancer therapy.” Current
topics in Medicinal Chemisty 2: 113-132 (2002).
11. Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y et al. “Isolation of melatonin, the
pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes.” Journal of the American
Chemical Society 80: 2587 (1958).
12. Lerner AB, Case JD, & Heinzelmann RV. “Structure of melatonin.
Journal of the American Chemical Society.” 81: 6084-6085 (1959).
13. Malpaux B, Migaud M, Tricoire H, & Chemineau P. “Biology of mammalian
photoperiodism and the critical role of the pineal gland
and melatonin.” Journal of Biological Rhythms 16: 336-347 (2001).
14. Reiter RJ. “The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar.” Experientia
49: 654-664 (1993).
15. Guerrero JM & Reiter RJ. “Melatonin-immune system relationships.” Current
Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2: 167-180 (2002).
16. Tan DX, Manchester LC, & Hardeland R et al. “Melatonin: a hormone,
a tissue factor, an autocoid, a paracoid and a antioxidant vitamin.” J
of Pineal Research 34: 75-78 (2003).
17. Kennaway DJ & Wright H. “Melatonin and circadian rhythms.” Current
Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2: 199-209 (2002).
18. Sauer LA, Dauchy RT & Blask DE. “Polyunsaturated fatty acids, melatonin,
and cancer progression.” Biochemical Pharmacology 61:
1455-1462 (2001).
19. Lissoni P. “Is there a role for melatonin in supportive care?” Supportive
Cancer Care 10: 110-116 (2002).
20. Palmblad, J. et al. Stressor exposure and immunological response in man:
interferon-producing capacity and phagocytosis. J. Psychosom.
Res. 20: 193-199 (1976).
21. Horohov DW, Pourciau SS, Mistric L, Chapman A, & Ryan DH. “Increased
dietary fat prevents sleep deprivation induced immune suppression
in rats.” Comp Med 51: 230-233 (2001).
22. Linsen SM, Zitman FG, Breteler MHM. “Defining benzodiazepine dependence:
the confusion persists.” Eur Psychiatry 10: 306-11 (1995).
23. Gudex C. “Adverse effects of benzodiazepines.” Soc Sci Med 33:
587-96 (1991).
24. Lader M. “Withdrawal reactions after stopping hypnotics in patients
with insomnia.” CNS Drugs. 10: 425-40 (1998).
25. Morin CM, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, & Brink D. “Behavioral and
pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized
controlled trial [comment].” JAMA 281: 991-9 (1999).
26. Lai HL & Good M. "Music improves sleep quality in older adults." J
Adv Nurs 49(3): 234-44 (2005).
27. Cohen L, Warneke C, et al. "Psychological adjustment and sleep quality
in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention
in patients with lymphoma." Cancer 100(10): 2253-60 (2004).
28. Hrushesky WJM, Blask D, Lissoni P. “Melatonin, Chronobiology, and Cancer.” Paper
presented at: National Cancer Institute Invited Speaker Series; February 28,
2003;
Bethesda, MD.
29. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. www.naturaldatabase.com
Top of Page
....................................................................................................................
Donate
Now |
Home |
Programs | Avenues Newsletter | Becoming
Your Own Advocate | Events | Search |
Site Map
Pine Street Foundation · 124 Pine Street · San Anselmo · California · 94960-2674
P: (415) 455-5878 · F: (415) 485-1065 · Email Us
Copyright © 1989-2008 Pine Street Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit
public charity.
All rights reserved. Legal.
| 
